With reference to appropriate literature and cases, critically Assignment

With reference to appropriate literature and cases, critically evaluate the influence of classical and human relations approaches in management today - Assignment Example Organizational management can be considered as an important aspect for the business organization in this contemporary era of globalization and competitive business environment. Organizational management can be recognized as the process, which organizes and manages the employee activities to meet organizational goals and objectives (Ledeen, 1999, p.65). Organizational management helps an organization to follow developed policies by planning, controlling, organizing and directing organizational resources. Classical and human relation approaches have great impact on the management of the organization in this contemporary global business environment (Lukes, 1974, p.102). Organizations generally focus on these approaches in order to maintain sustainable business practices and effective business output (Barak, 2010, p.98). On the other hand, effective human relation and classical approaches help an organization to develop and effective relationship between the employees and employers, whic h is important for good and profitable business performances (Law, 1991, p.29). Earlier, the employers used to only focus on effective business performance and positive business output. The organizational leaders were hardly bothered about employee motivation and employee job satisfaction (Campbell, 2007, p.91). But, growth of competition in global business environment and introduction of strict business regulations forced the organizational as well as industry leaders to consider employee welfare and employee motivation in business operation process (Draft, 2008, p.16). Human relations approach generally focused on value, needs, welfare and motivation of employees.

Qualitative Analysis Lab Essay Example for Free

Qualitative Analysis Lab Essay The purpose of the experiment is to identify every cation present in an unknown solution by performing specific chemical tests. Chemical tests such as adding specific chemicals to make precipitates, adding strong and highly concentrated acids and bases, centrifuging the precipitate from the supernate, and performing a flame test are carried out to determine the presence or absence of the ions in each group. Experimental Procedure: Separation of Group I Cations: Ten drops of the unknown solution C were placed into a small test tube. Four drops of 6 M HCl were added to the unknown solution. After being stirred, the yellowish unknown developed a white, cloudy precipitate. The solution was centrifuged and a white precipitate sunk to the bottom of the test tube. One drop of 6 M HCl was added to the solution making the clear yellow supernate cloudy, which showed that not all of the Group I ions precipitated. Two more centrifuges were performed until no more precipitate formed. The clear yellow supernate was decanted into a clean dry test tube. The yellowish white precipitate was rinsed with five drops of cold tap water and stirred. This solution was then centrifuged and added to the supernate in the other test tube. Fifteen drops of tap water were added to the washed precipitate and the test tube was placed in a hot-water bath. The solution was stirred in the water bath for one minute. The now clear purplish liquid was centrifuged and there was no precipitate formed which confirmed the absence of Ag+. Three drops of 1 M K2CrO4 were added to the purple supernate, and a thick, cloudy yellow precipitate formed confirming the presence of Pb2+. Separation of Group III Cations: Five drops of 2 M NH4Cl were added to the test tube containing the clear yellow supernate from group I. The solution was stirred. Then, seven drops of 15 M NH3 were added until the solution was basic and the litmus paper turned blue. The addition of NH3 caused a light-orange precipitate to form. The two additional drops of NH3 and the twenty drops of water created a reddish-brown precipitate and a clear supernate. The solution was stirred and centrifuged. The light blue supernate was decanted from the caramel brown precipitate. Twelve drops of 12 M HCl and five drops of 16 M HNO3 were added to the brown precipitate. The mixture was carefully stirred and turned into a clear yellow liquid. The test tube was heated in a hot-water bath for about forty-five seconds to dissolve any remaining precipitate. Ten drops of water were added to the solution and was centrifuged. There was no remaining precipitate, and the clear yellow supernate was divided into two separate test tubes. Two drops of 0.2 M KSCN were added to one of the test tubes containing the yellow supernate. The solution turned to a deep, blood-red which confirmed the presence of Fe3+. After fifty drops of 6 M NH3 were added to the second test tube of the yellow supernate, the solution remained acidic and it only caused the solution to turn a paler yellow. Five drops of 15 M NH3 were added to make the solution basic by turning the litmus paper blue. The addition of the 15 M NH3 also caused an orange precipitate to form in the solution. The solution was centrifuged and decanted into a separate test tube to remove the precipitate. Four drops of dimethylglyoxime reagent was added to the solution which was then stirred. The solution turned a deep pink with the formation of a pink precipitate which confirms the presence of Ni2+. Separation of Group IV Cations: Eight drops of 6 M CH3CO2H and one drop of 1 M K2CrO4 were added to the light blue supernate from the Group III procedure. The mixture was stirred and turned to a clear yellow color with no precipitate which confirms the absence of Ba2+. Four drops of 15 M NH3 were added to the yellow supernate from the previous step to make it basic and turn the litmus paper blue. The solution retained its yellow color with no precipitate. Seven drops of 0.1 m K2C2O4 were added which caused the formation of a small amount of white precipitate. The small amount of precipitate was dissolved in ten drops of 6 M HCl. A small sponge was used to soak up a small amount of solution. Using a Bunsen burner, the solution soaked sponge was placed into the top of the blue flame. The flame was initially orange and then had sporadic bursts of red flame which confirmed the presence of Ca2+. A small amount of the original unknown solution C is absorbed by a section of sponge. A flame test is performed using a Bunsen burner. The solution soaked sponge produced an orange-yellow flame; however, the yellow was not very prominent. The solution did contain Na+, but not in a substantially large amount. 2 mL of original unknown solution C and 2 mL of 6 M NaOH were combined in an evaporating dish. Litmus paper was wetted with water and placed on the bottom of a watch glass. The litmus paper watch glass was placed over the evaporating dish. The litmus paper without extra heating immediately turned blue which confirms the presence of basic NH4+. Results: Table for Unknown C Pb2+| Ag+| Fe3+| Ni2+| Ba2+| Ca2+| NH4+| Na+| Yes| No| Yes | Yes| No| Yes| Yes| Yes| Discussion: The lead ion was found by making a supernate from water and the precipitate formed by mixing the unknown solution and 6 M HCl and decanting out the supernate. The unknown solution and HCl were added to a test tube and centrifuged to separate the precipitate from the supernate. The supernate was then decanted from the precipitate. Water was added to the precipitate and put into a hot-water bath. There was no precipitate formed after the solution was heated and centrifuged which confirmed the absence of the silver ion. The addition of K2CrO4 caused a yellow precipitate to form in the supernate. The formation of the yellow cloudy precipitate confirmed the presence of the lead ion. The iron ion was found by taking the supernate from group I and making a precipitate by mixing it with 2 M NH4Cl and 15 M NH3. The precipitate was mixed with 12 M HCl and 16 M HNO3 and heated in a hot water bath until the precipitate was completely dissolved. The supernate was then divided equally into two test tubes. One of the samples was combined with 0.2 M KSCN to form a blood-red precipitate which confirmed the presence of the iron ion. The second supernate sample was used in confirming the presence of nickel. 6 M NH3 was added to the supernate, but 15 M NH3 had to be used to make the solution basic. After centrifuging and decanting out the precipitate formed, the dimethylglyoxime reagent was added to the supernate and created a deep pink precipitate that confirmed the presence of nickel. The supernate from the group III sample was mixed with 6 M CH3CO2H and 1 M K2CrO4. There was no precipitate that formed which confirmed the absence of the barium ion. The calcium ion was found by using the supernate from the previous test and adding 15 M NH3 until the solution was basic. The precipitate was then centrifuged out and discarded. The addition of 0.1 M K2C2O4 created a small amount of white precipitate that suggested the presence of the calcium ion, but a flame test was conducted to confirm the presence of calcium. The expected red-orange flame produced by a solution soaked sponge confirmed the presence of calcium in the unknown solution. Ammonium ions were found by combining the original unknown solution and 6 M NaOH in an evaporating dish and testing if the fumes were basic. Moist litmus paper was stuck to the bottom of a watch glass which was then placed over the top of the evaporating dish. The litmus paper immediately turning blue proves the existence of ammonium ions. The sodium ion was found by performing a flame test on the original unknown solution. The original solution was added to a sponge which was put into a flame which showed a yellow-orange flame which shows the presence of sodium ions, but the intensity of the yellow did not suggest that there was a significant amount of sodium. The flame tests seem to be not as accurate since the sponge alone would burn an orange flame. Attention to the small bursts of reds and yellows in the dominate orange flame had to be highly focused since it was one of the only indications of which ions were present in the unknown solution. Conclusion: Through the formation of precipitates and supernates, the additions of acids and bases, the additions of highly concentrated solutions, and flame tests specific ions were separated out in order to determine the characteristics of the unknown solution. Unknown solution C was found in conclusion to the experiment to contain the cations lead, iron, nickel, calcium, ammonium, and sodium.

A portfolio of working in business

A portfolio of working in business In this portfolio, I will reflect on what I have learnt and experiences while I am undertaking BSB124, which is Working in Business. I will also look at the area that I would like to improve. I will do this in three sections. First section is about intrapersonal effectiveness and The Big Five Model will be explore and discuss how it assist me for my future career. Second section is interpersonal effectiveness, Belbins Self-Perception Inventory (1981) and SPARK will be discussed. The last section is about organizational effectiveness and networking and mentoring will be discussed. In these three sections, I will explore my own strength and weaknesses. 2. Intrapersonal effectiveness 2.1 The Big Five Model (NEO IPIP) Personalities at work are like cars in the city: They often can keep us from our destination. Pierce J. Howard, The Owners Manual for Personality at Work, 2001. Personality assessment is important in a variety of ways, from education to our future work. Psychologists have found a lot of methods which we can found on the internet or any other places to classify our personality dimension; however, The Big Five Model (BFI) is the one stands out as the most statistically robust. The Big Five Model has five factors which include extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability (or neuroticism) and openness to experience (Costa McCrae, 1992). Extraversion characterizes people who are outgoing, talkative, sociable and assertive; agreeableness characterizes people who are courteous, good-natured, empathic and caring; conscientiousness characterized people who are careful, dependable and self-disciplined; neuroticism characterized people who are anxious, hostile and depressed; and lastly openness to experience characterized people who are imaginative, creative, curious and sensitive (McShane, 2010, p.51). This research is very imp ortant to me because I aim to work as a hairdresser after I graduate from QUT and the Big Five Model can help me to have a better understanding of my own personality and therefore can improve my weaknesses. From the result that I get from the Big Five Model, as refers to the appendix 1, it has shows that I am low neuroticism, agreeableness and openness to experience. This has mean that I am calm, appetite for new ideas and can easily accommodate the wishes and needs of others but I will easily get bored for everything and easily unaware of problem. I personally think that the result is fairly accurate because as what I had experience at the past in BSB124, I found that I can easily accommodate my group members when we have meeting, for example, anytime will do for me to meet them to discuss the assignment we have, however, I will easily felt bored when we met up and will easily unaware some of the problem that my group members have. Therefore, from the Big Five Model, I can explore my intrapersonal strength and weaknesses and this will help in my future work which is hairdresser. From the result I get from the Big Five Model, agreeableness and openness to experience are my intrapersonal strength because as a hairdresser, you must be creative enough to design the hair style and you must also accommodate to your company culture. In fact, not only hairdresser requires agreeableness, most of the jobs also require you to have this personality. However, low neuroticism is my intrapersonal weaknesses. Why? This is because it has a big impact to my future career of hairdresser. As a hairdresser, it requires you to always aware the problem that the customers have. But, according to Costa McCrae (1999), low neuroticism means that insensitive or unaware of problems. This is a big issue because if I am unaware what the customers problem, then I would not be able to become a professional hairdresser. Therefore, I aim to imp rove the weakness that I have to ensure that I can develop my career goals. How am I going to improve my weakness which is low neuroticism? In our next group assignment, I will try to pay more attention to my group members and see whether they need help or not. I will spare no effort to help them. This is one of the opportunities that I can improve my neuroticism. Another opportunity is keep a diary to see whether my weakness got improve or not. 3. Interpersonal effectiveness 3.1 Belbins Self-Perception Inventory Firstly, what is a team? A team is a group of people who work together interdependently to accomplish a goals. Then, what make a good team? According to Belbins self-perception inventory (BTRSPI), a good team must include several important mixes which are plant, resource investigator, co-coordinator, shaper, monitor evaluator, team worker, completer finisher and implementer. These can identifies which roles are you in and therefore you can use the information to know your contribution and weakness. From the result that I get from the BTRSPI, as refers to the appendix 2, it shows that team worker is the best respondent team role for me and resource investigator is the second highest scores which mean that it can be denote as my back-up team roles. The strength of team worker is about helping individual members to achieve and maintain team effectiveness, however, team worker always indecisiveness at moment of crisis. While the strength of resource investigator is exploring new resources, but it liable to lose interest once the initial fascination has passed. The results are somehow accurate but do have a little bit inaccurate. By comparing the result to the previous section, they actually have a little bit of relevance. For example, from the previous section, the result from the Big Five Model shows that I will easily get bored for everything and resource investigator is liable to lose interest. This is very accurate because I do easily get bored and lose interest once the initia l fascination has passed. The reason I feel that this is a little bit inaccurate is because from my opinion, I am not good at helping individual members to achieve and maintain team effectiveness as what team worker state. Therefore, what I think is either this is my strength that I havent discovered yet or the result is a little bit inaccurate. 3.2 SPARK According to SPARK (2010, para.2) group projects arent fair is a frequent student response in higher education. What is SPARK? SPARK (self and peer assessment resource kit) is a tools that enables students to rate their own and their peers contributions. It will then automatically produce two factors which are the self and peer assessment (SPA) and the self assessment to peer assessment (SAPA). According to Spark (2010, para.7), SPA is a weighing factor determined by both the self and peer rating of a students contribution while SAPA is about the ratio of a students own rating of themselves compared to the average rating of their contribution by their peers. My overall SPA is 0.91 and my SAPA is 0.99. 0.91 of SPA is very low which mean that I did not contribute well in my group. This may due to because I did not aware the problem and maybe because I am English second language (ESL) students, therefore they gave me some easy job to do and thus I did not contribute much to the group. As my SAPA score is 0.99, it is slightly lower than 1, but still consider that I rated myself fairly accurate compared to the average rating that I received from my group members. Even though my SPA is low, but the feedbacks from my peers are still positive. For example, Good energy good to work with shows that I can easily accommodate to my group (this result is accurate by compared it to section 2.1); Huey was organized and cooperative throughout the group process. Even though English was not his first language, he successfully communicated ideas and gave a confident oral presentation which effectively conveyed his efforts in developing our presentations re commendations. (Once again, this had shows that agreeableness is my intrapersonal strength.) In my group, most of my group members came from other country, for instance, England, Malaysia and etc. Therefore, we all got a very different cultural background. However, since most of them are good in English, only I am the only one who is English second language (ESL) student, the problems occur when we need to discuss something and provide some new idea because I am poor at communicate by using English. Luckily, my group members are awesome. They help me a lot to finish up the part that I need to do. Therefore, I personally rate them all on SPARK higher than me. I have learnt a lot from the group. One thing that I have learnt from this group is respect. Why I say so? This is because they never discriminate against me even though I am ESL student and they respect me and will ask me what my opinion or ask me to decide something. However, according to Belbins model, I am poor at indecisiveness at moment of crisis. Therefore, most of the times I just ask them to decide. Thus, I learnt respect in this experience and I found that I need to improve my weakness (that is deciding on something and improve my English). As our group is multicultural group, this experience will help me for my career goals because as a hairdresser, you will come across with any type of customer and team members. Thus, I aim to improve my weakness to develop my career goals. 4. Organisational effectiveness 4.1 Networking and Mentoring What is networking? It is actually a system that sharing information and services among individuals or groups. Then why is networking important to everyone? According to Tamowska Singleton (2010), networking can be key to both personal and professional growth, but you have to be diligent about keeping in touch with your contacts and sharing information. There are four types of networking style, which are the loner, the socialiser, the user and the builder. The loner likes to do most things by themselves but they will not worry about other. The socialiser always tries to make friend with everyone they meet but they are not a good listener. The user tends to be collecting the business cards but they will not contact them again while the builder always listens and learns from other people carefully. According to Singleton, Networking is worth Millions. As I am first year business student, I did not have much experience about networking. Therefore, I aim to increase my networking experience by joining the student associations such as Business Advantage at QUT. Thus, I can build up a network with students, colleagues and also professionals before I graduate. What I will do is then keep in touch with them (not like user who just collect the business cards but didnt contact anymore but is the builder who will keep in touch with them and listen to them). This will affect my career as previous stated because as the builder, what am I suppose to do is always listen to the customer and learn new stuff from other people because customer like the hairdresser listen to them. When the hairdresser listen to the customer, they build a network between them and therefore the customer will go back to find the hairdresser again. That why networking is so important for my career. Then what is mentoring? According to Dessler, Griffiths Lloyd-Walker (2004), mentoring involves linking a more experienced member of staff with a less experienced member of staff to enable sharing of experience, knowledge and skills. Mentoring is a very powerful tool that we can share our skills and knowledge to each other, for example, as what I experience in BSB124, my tutor share her experience and her knowledge to me. Mentoring also important for my career because when I graduate and looking for a job, let say I am junior hairdresser, then I will need to find an experience senior hairdresser to share their experience to me therefore I can do the job better. To get mentoring success, I plan to meet my mentor at least every week to share our new knowledge or skills or experience. 5. Conclusion As the conclusion, I have reflected on what I have learnt and experiences while I am undertaking BSB124. In section 2 which is intrapersonal effectiveness, I aim to increase my neuroticism and I had plan on how to improve it. In section 3 which is interpersonal effectiveness, the Belbins model had stated me that I am always indecisiveness at moment of crisis. Therefore I also aim to improve the weakness that I had explored in section 3. Finally, in section 4, I would like to be the builder and I do have some plan to build up my network.

Olestra :: essays research papers

Olestra Technically speaking, it was to be the something that was supposedly going to change the world. Stock analysts even proclaimed it as being the "single most important discovery in the history of the food industry", and would generate over a billion dollars annually in sales becomming Procter and Gambles, the creators, best selling product. What is not to like about a product which replaces the fat content in previosly named junk food such as potato chips? Apparently quite a bit. Olestra was first invented in 1968 as a way of increasing an infants intake of fat. This is when they stumbled upon a special chemcial which was actually the hexa, hepta, and octa-esters of fatty acid of sucrose. These molecules are so big and fatty, that the body cannot be metabolized by the body by enzymes and bacteria in the intestine, and as a result is not digested or absorbed. Instead of increasing fat intake, this chemical replaced it. Almost 30 years later, Olestra was finally given approval by the FDA to be used in food, however, with the condition of a warning label indicating the product can induse upset stomach and loose stools, as well as inhibiting the absorbtion of vitamins A, D, E and K. For a product that was supposed to be perfect, what happened? Studies conducted prior, first with mice, had somewhat alarming results which indicated that in addition to the first two problems stated, Olestra can cause cancer. The reason for this is that the product interferes with the bodies natural absorbtion of carotenoids which are found in fruits in vegetables, which help the body fight against cancer. Studies in humans showed that people who consumed 2 grams of Olestra per day had 15% lower level of carotenoids in their body than those who didnt eat them. A regular sized bag of chips made with Olestra however, contain over 15 grams. Further studies showen that when given Olestra doses every day included in every meal , levels dropped over 60%. Once Olestra hit the market, the FDA recieved more than 1000 reports of the food causing adverse reactions, yet Procter and Gamble still maintain the product is harmless. To perhaps nobodies surprise, "fake-fat" containing products recieved initial high sales, but quickly plummeted due to both the media and word of mouth on its affects, as well as the warning label and relative high price.

End Stage Renal Disease ESRD Health And Social Care Essay

End Stage Renal Disease ( ESRD ) is defined as an irreversible nephritic failure which needs to have nephritic replacing therapy ( RRT ) or undergo long term dialysis [ 1 ] . There are three types of nephritic failure replacing therapy which are hemodialysis ( HD ) , peritoneal dialysis ( PD ) and nephritic graft. In Malaysia, Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal dialysis ( CAPD ) patients are increasing from 1525 patients in twelvemonth 1999 to 1744 patients in December 2008, an addition of 12 % [ 2 ] . Malnutrition is really common in end phase nephritic disease patients on care dialysis [ 2 ] . In Malaysia, national information showed that merely 13 % of CAPD patients are good nourished where serum albumen is above 4.0 g/dL [ 3 ] . Majority of patients ( 87 % ) undergoing CAPD are malnourished. Protein energy malnutrition ( PEM ) is one of the most prevailing complications looking in patients undergoing dialysis and it is associated to high morbidity and mortality [ 4,5 ] . Malnutrition is an of import factor associated with increasing hazard of mortality in Chronic Kidney Disease ( CKD ) patients. Hence, it is of import to measure the nutrition position of patients. Screening for malnutrition is an of import constituent of dietary pattern and improves the ability to prioritize intercession to those most at hazard [ 6 ] . Early acknowledgment and intervention can give better outcome [ 7 ] . Nutrition showing is a executable option for placing patients at hazard of PEM [ 4 ] . Screening tools are largely designed for general intents every bit good as for specific topics as aged, institutionalised person and hospitalized patients [ 4 ] . There are several showing tools available for CAPD patients. These are Malnutrition-inflammation mark ( MIS ) , nutritionary hazard showing ( NRS ) , Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool ( MUST ) , Malnutrition Screening Tool ( MST ) , geriatric nutritionary hazard index ( GNRI ) and capable planetary appraisal ( SGA ) . Among them, none was antecedently studied for usage in Malayan chronic kidney disease patients on dialysis. The dietitian plays an indispensable function in nutritionary showing. In Malaysia, entree to dietitian is limited in most dialysis Centres. Hence, nurses will play an indispensable function to place the malnourished patients. On the other manus, a comprehensive nutritionary appraisal is time-consuming and requires both subjective and nonsubjective opinions from the tester. Therefore, important preparation is necessary to guarantee consistent consequences among assorted testers and periods of appraisal. Therefore, there is a demand for a simplified nutritionary showing tool which can be used by dieticians or nurses that can be performed easy.1.1 Objective1.1.1 Main ObjectiveTo place a simplified nutritionary showing tool which compares good with the Malnutrition Inflammation Score ( MIS ) , Subjective Global Assessment ( SGA ) and with assorted single nutritionary steps for Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal dialysis ( CAPD ) .1.1.2 Specific aimTo depict the human ecology, anthropometr y, biochemical analysis features and dietetic form of CAPD patients. To depict the per centum of malnourished patients harmonizing to BMI, serum albumen, MSGA, and MIS. To formalize the usage of MIS and mSGA in CAPD patients against anthropometric ( BMI, Triceps Skinfold, computed Mid Arm Muscle Circumference ) and biochemical ( serum albumen ) appraisals ; To compare the usage of simplified tools: NRS, MUST, MST and GNRI showing tools in CAPD patients.Chapter 2: Literature Reappraisal2.1 Overview of kidney mapKidney maps to modulate organic structure homeostasis system [ 8 ] . Kidney plays a critical function in keeping circulatory and organ system functional homeostasis. Other than that, kidney is the site of synthesis of some endocrines and an of import catabolic site for several polypeptide endocrines. ( Table 2.1 ) Table 2.1: Components of kidney map Elimination of metabolic waste merchandises ( urea, creatinine, uric acid ) Elimination and detoxification of drugs and toxins Care of volume and ionic composing of organic structure fluids Acid-base ordinance Regulation of systemic blood force per unit area Production of erythropoietin Control of mineral metamorphosis through endocrinal synthesis ( 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol ) Degradation and katabolism of peptide endocrines ( insulin, glucagon, parathyroid endocrine endocrines ) and low-molecular-weight proteins ( ?2-microglobulin and light ironss ) Regulation of metabolic procedures ( gluconeogenesis, lipid metamorphosis ) Beginning: Mitch ( 2009 ) [ 8 ]2.2 Causes of kidney failureThere are two types of kidney failure which are acute kidney failure and chronic kidney failure. Acute nephritic failure is defined as sudden decrease of glomerular filtration rate ( GFR ) or loss of kidney map which is reversible [ 9 ] . Table 2.2 shown causes of acute kidney failure. Chronic kidney failure is defined as structural or functional abnormalcies of the kidney for more than 3 months [ 10 ] . It is an irreversible advancement of kidney harm. The causes of chronic kidney failure are shown in Table 2.2. Table 2.2: Causes of kidney failureAcute Renal FailureChronic Renal FailureAcute cannular mortification ( Trauma ) Nephrotoxicity ( antibiotics and drugs ) Infection Urinary piece of land obstructor Acute glomerulonephritis Diabetess Mellitus Uncontrolled high blood force per unit area Familial disease of kidney Obstructive Uropathy Inflammation or infection of kidney Beginning: KDOQI, 20012.3 Nephritic failure and dialysisGlomerular filtration rates ( GFR ) is an first-class step of filtrating capacity of the kidneys. GFR have been used to quantify the degree of kidney map [ 10 ] . There are 5 phases of GFR degree from phase 1-normal, to present 5-severe. A lessening in GFR precedes kidney failure in all signifier of progressive kidney disease [ 10 ] . In phase 5, where GFR is less than 15 ml/min, it is considered as terminal phase nephritic failure ( ESRD ) . Phase of chronic kidney disease was shown in Table 2.3. Table 2.3: Phases of chronic kidney disease Phase GFR Description 1 90-130 ml/min Kidney harm with normal or higher GFR 2 60-89 ml/min Mild lessening in kidney map 3 30-59 ml/min Moderate lessening in kidney map 4 15-29 ml/min Severe lessening in kidney map 5 Less than 15 ml/min End phase nephritic failure Beginning: KDOQI There are three types of intervention for nephritic failure which are kidney organ transplant, hemodialysis ( HD ) and peritoneal dialysis ( PD ) [ 9 ] . Peritoneal dialysis can foster split into three methods, including uninterrupted ambulatory peritoneal dialysis ( CAPD ) , automated peritoneal dialysis ( APD ) and combination of CAPD and APD [ 9 ] .2.4 CAPD processIn Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis ( CAPD ) , semi permeable membrane of the peritoneum is used as the filtration membrane [ 9 ] . A catheter is surgically implanted in the venters and into peritoneal pit. In CAPD, the dialysate is left in the peritoneum and exchanged manually [ 9 ] . A dialysate battalion is connected to the catheter while another tubing is connected to an empty battalion outside to have the waste fluid merchandises. A high-dextrose concentration dialysate is instilled into the peritoneum by the catheter. The dialysate diffusion carries waste merchandises from the blood through the peritoneal membrane and into the dialysate [ 9 ] . The waste merchandises and dialysate work interdependently via osmosis to transport out the waste merchandises. The waste fluid merchandises are withdrawn and discarded. Exchanges of dialysate are done for four to five times a twenty-four hours [ 9 ] . There are different concentrations and volumes of dialysate used which depend on the patient ‘s status.2.5 Nutrition demands for CAPD patientsIn peritoneal dialysis, Calories absorbed from glucose in the dialysis fluid are included in the computation of dietetic energy consumption. Approximately, 90 % of glucose is absorbed during dwells over 8 hours a twenty-four hours and 70 % is absorbed during short dwell [ 11 ] . Therefore, the sum of saccharide absorbed should be calculated to forestall overconsumption of ene rgy particularly for diabetes patient. From KDOQI 2000, the energy demand for chronic peritoneal dialysis patients who less than 60 old ages of age is 35 Kcal/kg organic structure weight per twenty-four hours [ 2 ] . For those who above 60 old ages of age, 30 to 35 kcal/body weight per twenty-four hours is recommended due to more sedentary life style [ 2 ] . Protein need in peritoneal dialysis patient is higher than hemodialysis patient. Peritoneal protein losingss average approximately 5 to 15 g/24 hours [ 2 ] . Generally, dietetic protein demand is to keep positive N balance and prevent malnutrition. Dietary protein more than 1.2 g/kg BW/day associated with impersonal or positive N balance [ 12,13 ] . KDOQI 2000 suggest that 1.3 g/kg BW/day protein for peritoneal dialysis patient and at least 50 % of protein should be from high biological value ( HBV ) [ 2 ] . Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis ( CAPD ) patients have higher cholesterin, triglyceride, LDL and lipoprotein degree [ 14 ] . The abnormalcy of lipid profile for CAPD patients is due to loss of protein from dialysis fluids and soaking up of glucose from dialysis fluid [ 14 ] . Therefore, 25 to 35 % of fat from entire Calories is recommended for CAPD patients [ 15 ] . Calcium and P are mineral demand in our organic structure to keep bone wellness. Conversion of vitamin D from inactive signifier to active signifier is impaired due to kidney failure [ 16 ] . When vitamin D lack develops, it may take to faulty enteric soaking up of Ca. In contrast, phosphorus elimination becomes restricted because of reduced cannular map. Therefore, dietetic phosphate limitation is necessary. Harmonizing to KDOQI guideline, 800-1000mg phosphate per twenty-four hours is recommended [ 2 ] . Furthermore, add-on of unwritten phosphate binder is besides needed to command serum phosphate degree [ 16 ] . The grade of Na sensitiveness is increasing exponentially with declined kidney map [ 17 ] . Nevertheless, sodium limitation can assist to command blood force per unit area. Excessive Na consumption may do thirst and increase fluid gained which in bend cause oedema [ 9 ] . Malaysia Medical Nutrition Therapy ( MNT ) guideline recommends 1500mg of salt intake per twenty-four hours and no add-on salt in cookery. Suggested unstable consumption is up to 1500ml per twenty-four hours [ 15 ] . CAPD patients may be hypokalaemic due to potassium loss during dialysis procedure. Therefore, potassium limitation is non necessary for CAPD patients. Persons with CAPD peculiarly have vitamin lack [ 18 ] . Hence, vitamin addendum is recommended for CAPD patients. Table 2.4 shows the recommended alimentary consumption for CAPD patients. Table 2.4: Recommended foods intake for CAPD patientsFoodRecommendationKilogram calories 35 kcal/kg BW/day for & A ; lt ; 60 old ages old 30-35 kcal/kg BW/day for & A ; gt ; 60 old ages old Protein 1.3 g/kg BW/day, 50 % HBV Carbohydrate 50-60 % of energy consumption Fat 25-35 % of energy consumption Sodium 1500 mg/ twenty-four hours Potassium 3-4g adjust to serum degree Fluid Up to 1500 ml/day Phosphate 800-1000 mg/day Calcium Calcium from diet and phosphate binder non transcend 2000 mg/day Vitamin B: Thaimine Vitamin b2 Vitamin b6 Vitamin bc Addendum to run into recommended day-to-day consumption Vitamin C Supplement up to 60-100 mg/day Beginning: Malaysia Medical Nutrition Therapy guideline, 20052.6 Malnutrition among CAPD patients2.6.1 DefinitionLack of protein and energy consumption or both is mentioning as protein-energy malnutrition ( PEM ) [ 19 ] . PEM is a status ensuing from long-run unequal consumption of energy and protein which can take to blowing of organic structure tissues and increased susceptibleness to infection [ 19 ] . PEM is strongly linked to malnutrition and mortality rate in person who undergoes care dialysis [ 2 ] . CAPD patients are more prone to malnutrition compared to HD patients. In CAPD, protein lost during dialysis procedure will ensue in protein lack and cause malnutrition [ 2 ] .2.6.2 PrevalenceBy the terminal of twelvemonth 2008, there are 3836 patients who are new to dialysis out of entire 19000 patients. The entire dialysis prevalence rate in December 2008 is 680 [ 3 ] . Patients who undergo CAPD are increasing twelvemonth by twelvemonth. Chronic kidney disease patients who underg o CAPD were 1744 patients out of entire 19221 patients in December 2008. The gender distribution is male ( 55 % ) and female ( 45 % ) from a entire 18856 patients [ 3 ] . The primary cause of nephritic disease is diabetes mellitus ( 55 % ) followed by high blood pressure ( 7 % ) from entire 3836 new dialysis patients on twelvemonth 2008 [ 3 ] . Protein-energy malnutrition ( PEM ) is really common among patients with advanced chronic nephritic failure ( CRF ) and those undergoing care dialysis ( MD ) therapies worldwide [ 2 ] . K/DOQI guideline proposed that, both work forces and adult females patients undergoing maintenance dialysis to accomplish BMI of at least about 23.6 kg/m2 and 24.0 kg/m2, severally. There are 14 % of CAPD patients who are scraggy ( BMI & A ; lt ; 18.5 kg/m2 ) . In Malaysia, malnutrition among dialysis patients is of great concern as it remains to be one of the strongest forecasters of morbidity and mortality [ 2 ] . There are 87 % of CAPD patients have serum albumin degree ( & A ; lt ; 4.0g/dL ) which assigned as malnourished [ 3 ] . Table 2.5 shows the categorization of serum albumen degrees. Table 2.5: Categorization of serum albumens degreeStatusSerum albumin degreeWell nourished 4.0 g/dL Mild undernourished 3.5 – & A ; lt ; 4.0 g/dL Moderate undernourished 3.0 – & A ; lt ; 3.5 g/dL Severe undernourished & A ; lt ; 3.0 g/dL Beginning: KDOQI, 20002.7 Factors doing malnutrition among CAPD patientsThere are multiple factors that cause malnutrition in these patients [ 2,20 ] . They are chiefly categorised into three causes: unequal dietetic consumption, disease conditions and intervention or dialytic factors. Inadequate dietetic consumption will take to malnutrition among dialysis patients. Altered gustatory sensation esthesiss caused by unequal dosage of dialysis, emotional hurt, anorexia and unpalatable prescribed diets ensuing in patients ‘ hapless unwritten consumption, and later impair their nutritionary position [ 20 ] . Disease status is besides a factor causes malnutrition in dialysis patients. Uremia is the most of import subscriber to inadequate nutrition in CAPD patients. As the Glomerular Filtration Rate ( GFR ) declines, azotemic toxins accumulate, taking to sickness and diminished appetite. Patients on dialysis have exposed to chronic inflammatory province will increase hypercatabolism and loss of thin organic structure mass when there is negative nitrogen balance [ 2 ] . Inflammation caused by infection, periodontic disease and familial factor will besides take to hapless nutrition intake [ 20 ] . Ascitess patient is at higher hazard of PEM. Ascites is another disease status doing protein loss more than 30g per twenty-four hours particularly after peritoneal dialysis induction. However, the sum of protein loss will decrease over clip [ 20 ] . In dialysis intervention, unequal dialysis might bring on anorexia and decreased gustatory sensation sharp-sightedness [ 20 ] . In add-on, dialysis promotes blowing by taking foods such as aminic acids, peptides, protein, glucose, water-soluble vitamins, and other bioactive compounds, and promotes protein katabolism, due to bioincompatibility [ 2 ] . In CAPD patients, redness of catheter site, bioincompatibility of dialysis solution will impact the nutrition position [ 20 ] . Besides, dialysis therapy may besides take to peritonitis. Transportation of K and azotemic toxin down a concentration in peritoneal capillaries will do protein loss. Furthermore, peritoneal inflammation will do ‘leaky ‘ in peritoneal capillaries and prolong peritoneal redness ensuing in release of cytokine and protein loss, which in bend influence patient ‘s nutrition position. Intra-peritoneal force per unit area is another factor impacting dietetic consumption. An addition in intra-abdominal force per unit area will take to symptoms of decrease in dietetic consumption and early repletion by delayed gastric emptying [ 20,21 ] . The most holds in stomachic voidance happened in those with smaller organic structure surface country [ 22 ] . Gastric emptying clip is associated with adequateness of foods ingestion. Last but non least, psychological factor will besides impact patient ‘s nutrition position. Psychological load causes loss of appetency in CKD patients, ensuing in a diminution of nutritionary position [ 20 ] .2.8 Nutrition Screening2.8.1 Purpose of testingHigh prevalence of CAPD patients with hapless nutritionary position is associated with inauspicious results [ 20 ] . Early sensing of malnutrition patient can diminish the hazard of inauspicious result of hapless nutrition. Therefore, it is critical that a validated and accurate tool used to place those malnutrition patients. Nutritional appraisal acts as an indispensable and introductory clinical process in nutritionary direction [ 4 ] . K/DOQI 2000 recommends nutrition appraisal should be performed routinely with combined method such as anthropometric measurings, organic structure composings measurings, biochemical measurings, dietetic appraisals and subjective appraisals [ 2 ] . However, most of these processs are time-consuming and cumbersome, even when a adept dietician is involved [ 4 ] . Therefore, a simplified and user friendly testing tool is needed for others wellness professional to observe malnutrition among the patients.2.8.2 Introduction of showing toolsThere are entire 6 showing tools will be used in this survey: Malnutrition-inflammation mark ( MIS ) , nutritionary hazard showing ( NRS ) , Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool ( MUST ) , Malnutrition Screening Tool ( MST ) , geriatric nutritionary hazard index ( GNRI ) and modified subjective planetary appraisal ( MSGA ) . The SGA and MIS tools are the gilded criterion showing tools which have proven in many surveies [ 2,23 ] . However, MSGA is used in this survey alternatively of SGA. MSGA is more nonsubjective, easy and practical that utilizing quantitative marking system if compared to SGA which is utilizing semi-quantitative marking system [ 24 ] . Whereas, MIS is validated and proven by Kalantar-Zadeh et. Al ( 2001 ) as a dependable tools to place malnutrition patient particularly in inflammatory province [ 23 ] . A survey by Yamada K. ( 2008 ) obtained the mark from several testing tools such as NRS, MUST, MST, GNRI and Mini nutritionary Assessment-Short Form ( MNA-SF ) and comparing the MIS testing tool as the mention criterion. Among the five showing tools, consequences shown GNRI was the most accurate showing in placing hemodialysis patient at nutritionary hazard. However, this survey did non included CAPD patients [ 4 ] . MSGA is a modified quantitative subjective planetary appraisal which modified utilizing the constituents of conventional SGA by Kalantar-Zadeh and co-workers, 1999. MSGA is a to the full quantitative hiting system with mark from 1 ( normal ) to 5 ( really severe ) . MSGA consists of seven variables including weight alteration, dietetic consumption, GI symptoms, functional capacity, comorbidity, hypodermic fat and marks of musculus cachexia. This survey had shown a relationship between malnutrition mark and the combination of MAMC, BMI, serum albumen and TIBC. MSGA is an nonsubjective, dependable and easy tools which can execute in proceedingss compare to SGA. However, the survey did non include any CAPD patients [ 24 ] . Malnutrition-inflammation mark ( MIS ) was another testing tool developed by Kalantar-Zadeh and co-workers in twelvemonth 2001. It is a utile tool to mensurate nutrition and redness on care hemodialysis ( MHD ) patients. This tools was developed utilizing seven constituents in SGA and added three new elements which are body aggregate index, serum albumen degree and total-iron binding capacity with mark 7 ( normal ) to 35 ( terrible malnourished ) . Kalantar-Zadeh and co-workers proved it is a good tool in foretelling mortality every bit good as nutrition, redness and anaemia in MHD patients. [ 23 ] Nutrition hazard showing ( NRS ) is developed by Kondrup and co-workers in old ages 2002. This tool was designed to steps current possible undernutrition and disease badness patients in order to measure whether tools was capable to separate patients with a positive clinical result from those who non profit from nutrition support. The consequence proved this screening tool is able to separate positive consequence and those who are likely to profit from nutrition support. It scored 0 ( absent ) to 3 ( terrible ) . [ 25 ] Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool ( MUST ) was designed to observe protein-energy malnutrition and the hazard of developing malnutrition in grownup patients. There are three independent standards use in this tool which is BMI, weight loss mark and acute disease consequence mark which mark from 0 to 2. The entire tonss is added and delegate into one out of three classs including 0 ( low hazard ) , 1 ( medium hazard ) and & A ; gt ; 2 ( high hazard ) . Stratton and co-workers concluded that MUST was a speedy and easy performed tool. [ 26 ] Malnutrition Screening tool ( MST ) was developed to observe hospitalized grownup ague patients at hazard of malnutrition by Ferguson and co-workers. It consisted of two inquiries sing appetency and recent unwilled weight loss. The information showed a relationship between patients who are high hazard of malnutrition harmonizing to MST with low average value of nonsubjective nutrition parametric quantities and longer length of infirmary staying. Ferguson and co-workers proposed MST as a simple, speedy, validated and dependable tool to observe malnutrition. [ 27 ] Geriatric Nutrition Risk Index ( GNRI ) was developed by Bouillanne and co-workers in twelvemonth 2005. GNRI was used to observe patients at hazard of malnutrition and related to mortality and morbidity. Nutrition position indexs including albumen, weight and WLo was used to cipher GNRI mark. It had four classs of nutrition related hazard which are no hazard, low hazard, moderate hazard and major hazard categorized by utilizing GNRI mark. This survey showed a strong relationship between albumen and GNRI. It is a simple showing tool for foretelling mortality and morbidity hazard particularly in hospitalized aged patients. [ 28 ]Chapter 3: Materials and Methods3.1 Study designThis research was a cross-sectional survey which done amongst 50 CAPD patients in Hospital Kuala Lumpur ( HKL ) . The research has been approved by the IMU Joint commission Research and Ethics. This research was to place a suited simplified testing tool to observe malnourished patients on CAPD. Six available showi ng tools were tested on patients ‘ nutritionary position. The diagram shows the flow of the survey.3.2 Sample sizeParticipants were chosen by utilizing convenient trying method at the Nephrology unit in Hospital Kuala Lumpur ( HKL ) . The sample size computation was based on the prevalence of malnutrition CAPD patients as reported in National Renal Registry, 2006. ( Z ) 2 P ( 1-p ) e2 Sample size computation, Ns = = ( 1.96 ) 2 ( 0.87 ) ( 1-0.87 ) ( 0.10 ) 2 = 43.4 50 patients Where Z = Z0.95 = 1.96 is read from a standard normal distribution tabular array. Where P = Prevalence of malnutrition CAPD patients = 0.87 ( 87 % ) Where E = Estimated trying mistake = 10 % Therefore, 50 patients were recruited for this survey.3.3 Capable choiceThe inclusion standard of this survey were participants recruited must be above 18 old ages old and undergoes at least 6 months of care dialysis. Participants who admitted in wad or hospitalized were categorized into exclusion standards.3.4 Sampling methodParticipants recruited by utilizing convenient trying method. There were in entire 50 participants in this survey. Participants available at the CAPD unit at informations aggregation period were approached and invited to fall in the survey.3.5 Methodology3.5.1 Questionnaire designThe questionnaire consisted of 8 sectors to obtain information on participants ‘ personal inside informations, socioeconomic background, medical history, drug profile, CAPD prescription, appetite, lifestyle history and dietetic informations. Information was obtained through interview. This is shown in appendix 1. A ) Personal inside informations This subdivision covered inquiries on personal information of the participant ‘s name, gender, age, day of the month of birth, ethnicity, matrimonial position, instruction degree and employment. B ) Medical history Information on cause of kidney failure, intervention history ( continuance, history of kidney graft and parathyroid secretory organ remotion ) and co-morbidities of the participant is obtained. C ) Drug profile This subdivision covered informations on the medicine prescription and besides information of multiple addendum taken and traditional medical specialty. D ) CAPD prescription Information was obtained on figure of exchanges done in one twenty-four hours and the concentration, type and volume of dialysate usage per exchange. Tocopherol ) Appetite Participant ‘s current appetency was questioned by utilizing a graduated table of ranking which included good, just, hapless and really hapless. F ) Physical activity The frequence of exercising and the grounds for non exerting were asked. G ) Dietary Data Food readying, eating wonts and any allergic reaction of nutrients were specified in this portion. H ) Hospitalization Subject ‘s hospitalization ground and surgery history was asked. 3.5.2 Anthropometric informations ( Appendix 3 )3.5.2.1 Height and weightParticipant ‘s tallness and weight was obtained from the medical record. Three measurings of participant ‘s station dialysis weight were recorded at first hebdomad for 3 old months from December 2010 to February 2011. The 3-month weight informations provides the information of topic ‘s weight position ( weight addition or weight loss ) for testing tool constituent. Body Mass Index ( BMI ) will be calculated from topic ‘s tallness and weight, utilizing the undermentioned expression: BMI = Body weight ( kilogram ) / Height2 ( M2 ) *KDOQI 2000 recommended that the BMI of care dialysis patient to be at least 24-28 kg/m2. Table 3.1: Categorization of BMI cut off point for grownupCategorizationBMI ( kg / M2 )Underweight & A ; lt ; 18.50 Normal 18.50 – 24.99 Corpulence 25.00 Corpulent 30.00 Beginning: Adapted from WHO, 1995, WHO, 2000 and WHO 2004.3.5.2.2 Mid arm perimeter ( MAC )Mid arm perimeter was performed with mensurating tape ( preciseness  ± 0.1 centimeter ) . Landmarking was done on the center of acromiale and radiale. Cross manus technique was used to mensurate the perimeter.3.5.2.3 Tricep skinfold ( TSF )Triceps skinfold was performed with Harpenden Skinfold Caliper ( John Bull, British Indicators Ltd. England ; preciseness  ± 0.1 centimeter ) . Landmarking was carried out prior to skinfold measuring.3.5.2.4 Mid arm musculus perimeter ( cAMA )Mid arm musculus perimeter is a computation derived from mid arm perimeter ( MAC ) and Tricep skinfold ( TSF ) : MAMC ( centimeter ) = MAC ( centimeter ) – [ ? – TSF ( centimeter ) ] Calculate mid arm musculus country ( cAMA ) provides a more accurate appraisal of musculus mass by gauging bone-free arm musculus country, corrected with gender differences. Calculate mid arm musculus country, cAMA = [ ( MAC ( centimeter ) – ? – TSF ( centimeter ) ) 2 ] / 4 ? – 10.0 ( work forces ) = [ ( MAC ( centimeter ) – ? – TSF ( centimeter ) ) 2 ] / 4 ? – 6.5 ( adult females ) Table 3.2: Cut off point of arm musculus perimeter ( AMA )PercentileClass 5th Wasted & A ; gt ; 5th but ? 15th Below norm & A ; gt ; 15th but ? 85th Average & A ; gt ; 85th but ? 95th Above norm & A ; gt ; 95th High musculus Beginning: Frisancho AR. 1990. Anthropometric criterion of the appraisal for growing and nutritionary position. 3.5.3 Biochemical informations ( Appendix 4 ) Serum albumen, serum beta globulin, serum Total Fe binding capacity ( TIBC ) , serum cholesterin, serum creatinine, Kt/V and serum carbamide were obtained from participant ‘s latest blood trial consequence. Table 3.3: Cut off point biochemical value Biochemical constituents Normal scope Serum albumen & A ; gt ; 4.0 g/dl Serum Tranferrin Serum TIBC Serum Cholesterol Serum Creatinine Serum Urea Kt/V & A ; gt ; 1.7 3.5.4 24 hours dietetic callback ( Appendix 5 ) Dietary consumption was obtained utilizing 24 hours dietetic callback. Participant ‘s dietetic consumption of 1 weekday and 1 weekend were recorded. Dietary appraisal tools ( bowls, spoon, matchbox and cup ) were shown to the topic at the first interview subdivision. The subsequent information aggregation was done through phone call. Food functioning size recorded was converted to unit gm and analysed via Nutrient composing of Malayan Food ( Tee E Siong, 1997 ) and Nutritionist Pro. Programme.3.6 Screening toolA sum of 6 showing tools were used in this survey.3.6.1 Modified Subjective planetary appraisal ( MSGA )This tool was designed by Kalantar-Zadeh group in twelvemonth 1999. This testing tool was developed by utilizing the constituent of conventional SGA and consists of seven variables: weight alteration, dietetic consumption, GI symptoms, functional capacity, co-morbidity, hypodermic fat and marks of musculus cachexia. Each constituent was scope from 1 ( normal ) to 5 ( te rrible ) . The entire mark used to find the nutrition position of the patient.3.6.2 Malnutrition-inflammation mark ( MIS )MIS was developed by Kalantar-Zadeh et. Al 2001 based on 7 constituents of SGA method and 3 extra constituents of BMI, serum albumen and serum TIBC. The medical history buttockss weight loss during the predating 6 months, dietetic consumption, GI symptoms, functional capacity ( nutritionary related functional damage ) , and co-morbidity including figure of old ages in Dialysis ; while physical scrutiny assesses loss of hypodermic fat and musculus cachexia. Each constituent was scored from 0 to 3, the entire mark of all 10 constituents ranged from 0 to 30 ( higher figure indicates more terrible ) .3.6.3 Nutrition hazard showing ( NRS )Nutrition hazard showing ( NRS ) was developed by Kondrup and co-workers in old ages 2002. The concluding tonss were categorized into absent, mild, moderate or terrible malnourished with a entire mark 0-6. It contain of two testing c onstituents, initial and concluding showing. There were four variables included in initial screening- BMI, recent weight loss, alterations in nutrient consumption and wellness status. In concluding showing, two chief constituents were tested by each hiting 0 ( absent ) to 3 ( terrible ) . The entire mark was added and one extra mark for participant above 70 old ages old.3.6.4 Malnutrition Universal testing tool ( MUST )MUST was developed for multidisciplinary usage by the Malnutrition Advisory Group of the British Association for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. MUST consists of 3 independent constituents which are current weight position measured by BMI ( mark: 0 to -2 ) , unwilled weight loss ( mark: 0 to -2 ) , and acute disease consequence bring forthing no nutritionary consumption for & A ; gt ; 5d ( mark: 0 or 2 ) . The amount of these 3 tonss was calculated.3.6.5 Malnutrition testing tool ( MST )The MST was developed by Ferguson et. Al 1999 had been used for acute infirmary patients ; it incorporates 3 constituents which are weight loss ( mark: 0 or 2 ) , sum of weight lost ( mark: 1-4 ) , and hapless nutrient consumption or hapless appetency ( mark: 0 or 1 ) . The entire mark was calculated for each patient.3.6.6 Geriatric nutrition hazard index ( GNRI )The GNRI was developed by modifying the nutritionary hazard index ( NRI ) for aged patients. This index was calculated from the serum albumen and organic structure weight by utilizing the undermentioned equation: GNRI = [ 1.489 – albumen ( g/dL ) ] + 41.7 – ( organic structure wt/ideal organic structure wt ) ]3.7 Statistical AnalysisAll the information was analysed by utilizing Statistic Merchandises and Services Solution, SPSS ver. 18.0. Each variable is presented as the mean  ± Standard Deviation ( SD ) . Descriptive frequence trial was used to prove the distribution of the variables among gender. T-test was besides used to show the correlativity between the variables. P & A ; lt ; 0.05 was considered as statistically important. Sensitivity, specificity, positive prognostic value ( PPV ) and negative prognostic value ( NPV ) were used between testing tools and nonsubjective variables. Crosstab was used to transport out the sensitiveness and specificity trial. Formula of computation: Sensitivity = true positives/ ( true positives + false negatives ) Specificity = true negatives/ ( true negatives + false positives ) Positive prognostic value ( PPV ) = true trial positives/all trial positives Negative prognostic value ( NPV ) = true trial negatives/all trial negatives

Gay Rights and the Constitution

Gay Rights and the Constitution â€Å"I'm a supporter of gay rights. And not a closet supporter either. From the time I was a kid, I have never been able to understand attacks upon the gay community. There are so many qualities that make up a human being†¦ by the time I get through with all the things that I really admire about people, what they do with their private parts is probably so low on the list that it is irrelevant. †Ã‚   ~Paul Newman Can the courts or the law tell the people in what way they can be intimate with their partners?Throughout the history of the United states there has been some constitutional controversy concerning which rights we possess that are protected under the constitution. Controversy has also surrounded who the constitution protects. At one time it was said that no person of African American race was or would ever be citizens of the united states. This was changed with the Fourteenth Amendment to the constitution. This fact leads me to beli eve that gay rights will continue to progress even though it has been a slow moving process.For decades there has been the issue of Gay rights and some of the courts controversial decisions have stemmed from cases regarding gay rights. A couple of these controversial cases have been of the cases the 1986 case of Bowers vs. Hardwick, and the 2003 case of Lawrence vs. Texas. All three of these case involve gay rights and virtually the rights of adult individuals to engage in sexual activities with other consenting adults of the same or opposite sex.Many cases have gone to the supreme court to decide the constitutionality of these issues pertaining to gay rights, Even though it is in the power of the supreme court to interpret the laws and the constitution, sometimes the Supreme Court makes the wrong decision. There was a point in time when the Supreme Court gave consent to the states to criminalize the act of adult males to engage in sexual sodomy in the privacy of their own homes. In the case of Bowers v. Hardwick the supreme court ruled against Hardwick stating that Georgia’s anti sodomy law was constitutional, however in the case of Lawrence v.Texas the Supreme Court overturned the Bowers decision and declared that such laws are in fact unconstitutional under due process and equal protection. Today the gay community still struggles to attain the same rights as heterosexual couples, but they get closer everyday. First, at one point in time the United States Supreme Court gave the States consent to criminalize the acts of adult males to engage in sexual activities within the privacy of their own homes (Garvey, 2010). A prime example is found in the result of the case of Bowers vs.Hardwick. In August of 1982 Atlanta, Georgia police officer Torick issued a citation for public drinking to Michael Hardwick. Hardwick a bartender had merely thrown out a beer bottle into the dumpster out side of the gay bar where he worked. The police officer processed the tick et and marked out the actual court date which was on a Tuesday and wrote in Wednesday. When Hardwick failed to appear that Tuesday an arrest warrant was issued and the police officer decided to serve the warrant personally, however Hardwick was not home.When Hardwick came home and realized that officer Torick had been to his apartment, he went to the courthouse and paid the ticket. The arrest warrant was re-called, however officer Torick went to Hardwick’s apartment again a few weeks later to serve the warrant. When the officer got to the apartment a guest of Hardwick’s answered the door and allowed the officer into the apartment. â€Å"Officer Torick noticed that Hardwick’s door was ajar opened it further and proceeded into the room where Hardwick and a male companion were engaged in mutual consensual oral sex.Both men were then arrested for the act of sodomy which is defined in Georgia state law as â€Å"the carnal knowledge and connection against the order of nature, by man with man, or in the same unnatural manner with woman Ga. Code, Tit. 1, Pt. 4,  § 4251 (1861) (Google Scholar,2010)†. After being arrested Hardwick and his partner were jailed for twelve hours before being released. At a preliminary hearing, the district attorney decided not to pursue the case unless further evidence developed (Conway, 2003).Hardwick decided to challenge the constitutionality of his arrest because he was arrested on an invalid warrant. Hardwick filed his first suit with the federal district court, however the courts ruled against him. When Hardwick appealed with the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals, they agreed that â€Å"the Georgia statute violated respondent’s fundamental rights because his homosexual activity is private and intimate association that is beyond reach of state regulation† (Conway, 2003). It was the state of Georgia who appealed to the Supreme Court.The Supreme Court granted certiorari on November 4, 1985 to r eview the case (Wikipedia,2010). Hardwick argued that this law infringes on his right to privacy as outlined in the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The legal issue presented in this case was whether or not the constitution confers a fundamental right for homosexuals to participate in sodomy (Conway, 2003). The court held that the Georgia law classified homosexual sex as illegal sodomy was valid in that there was not constitutional protection for the right to engage in homosexual sex.Justice Byron White wrote the majority opinion answering this question. He stated that â€Å" to claim that a right to engage in such conduct is deeply rooted in this Nation’s history and tradition or implicit in the concept of ordered liberty is at best facetious (Google Scholar, 2010). † The result of this decision was that it seemed as if the Supreme Court had given the States consent to criminalize the act of adult males to engage in consensual sex of any kind in the pri vacy of their homes. This case is an example of how sometimes the Supreme Court can make a bad decision.Even though the Georgia Sodomy law applied to both heterosexual and homosexual persons, Justice White’s decision had been restricted to homosexuals. It took nearly fifteen years for the Supreme Court to overrule their decision in this case. Additionally, in another case the supreme court has decided that the state in fact can not make laws infringing the type of sexual acts people can have in the privacy of their homes. In 2003 the case of Lawrence v. Texas was brought to the Supreme Court. Like in Bowers v.Hardwick, Lawrence and his partner were arrested for engaging in homosexual sodomy. The state of Texas had an anti- sodomy statute called the Homosexual Conduct Law which prohibits the engagement in deviant sexual intercourse with another individual of the same sex. A police officer entered the apartment of Lawrence under probable cause, being that a neighbor had called the police stating that a man with a gun was robbing his neighbor. The man was lying and had been harassing Lawrence. Upon entering the apartment the police officer found Lawrence and his artner violating the anti sodomy or Homosexual conduct law that the state of Texas had in place. The couple pled no contest to the charges and were convicted, however they decided to exercise their right to a new trial before a Texas Criminal Court. They asked the court to dismiss the charges claiming they were protected under the Fourteenth Amendments equal protection grounds. Lawrence claimed that the law was unconstitutional because it prohibits sodomy for homosexuals only and permits heterosexuals to engage in such activities.The courts rejected their request and proceeded with misdemeanor charges. Lawrence’s case was argued at the Texas Fourteenth Court of Appeals and the Texas Homosexual Conduct law was initially held to be unconstitutional under the 1972 Equal Rights Amendment of the Texas state Constitution. This amendment prohibits discrimination based on sex, race, color, creed or national origin. However the full court voted for reconsideration of that decision and upheld the constitutionality of the law.The case was then submitted to the highest appellate court in Texas, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals but was rejected for review. The case was then filed with the U. S. Supreme Court where the Court ruled to strike down the Texas law. The court held that this law did indeed violate the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution. Also Justice Sandra Day O’Connor found that the law also violated equal protection under the constitution. The majority opinion in this case overruled the decision in Bowers v.Hardwick along with a series of other similar laws within other states. Sometimes the courts make poor decisions, but it is comforting to know that they can overturn their bad decisions and make them right as Justice Steven's stated in the majority opinion, â€Å"Bowers was not correct when it was decided, it is not correct today and is hereby overruled (Lawrence v. Texas). † When the laws of the united states protect sexual liberties, they do so on the grounds of our right to privacy, but it was up until 2003, Lawrence v.Texas that the constitutional right to sexual liberty applied only to hetero sexual sex. Now that gay rights have been expanded to include sexual liberty in the privacy of their homes, the gay community still fights for their right to marriage. Some states have passed laws to allow same sex marriages. Currently only five out of the fifty states have granted same sex marriages; Connecticut, Massachusetts, Iowa, New Hampshire, Vermont and Washington D. C. California should be on this list, however the California gay community is still in battle with the state Legislature over gay marriage.In California gay marriages were performed for a span of five months, after the California Sup reme Court held that the statutes that prevented same sex marriage violated the state constitution. The same sex ban went into effect after the passing of Proposition 8, however on August 4,2010 U. S. District Chief Judge Vaughn R. Walker held that the banned same sex marriage was based on moral disapproval of gay marriage and ordered the state to stop enforcing the ban. ( Dolan & Williams, 2010).In the Court’s opinion written by Judge Walker he referred to the ban on gay marriage as being the result of moral and religious views that same sex couples are any different that opposite sex couples. He deemed that the Proposition 8 was a violation of federal constitutional guarantees of Equal protection and due process. Unfortunately those opposed to same sex marriages have filed appeals to overturn the courts ruling yet again. California has had a long battle with the courts for their rights. In other states, there have been issues regarding the label put on same sex marriage.In the Vermont case of Baker v. State the Vermont State Supreme Court decision merely required that the state legislature find a means of granting same sex couples the same benefits as marriage (Garlinger, 2004). In Massachusetts the Senate proposed to create a civil union status for same sex couples in place of marriage, however the courts declared that the substitution of civil union for civil marriage was not acceptable. They declared that the choice of language â€Å"reflects a demonstrable assigning of same-sex, largely homosexual couples to a second class status (Garlinger,2004). The people of the states will continue to fight for what they believe is right. The gay community for equal rights in all aspects of their lives and relationships, and those against the gay community attaining these rights. In conclusion, many cases have gone to the supreme court to decide the constitutionality of these issues pertaining to gay rights, Even though it is in the power of the supreme court to interpret the laws and the constitution, sometimes the Supreme Court makes the wrong decision.There was a point in time when the Supreme Court gave consent to the states to criminalize the act of adult males to engage in sexual sodomy in the privacy of their own homes. In the case of Bowers v. Hardwick the supreme court ruled against Hardwick stating that Georgia’s anti sodomy law was constitutional, however in the case of Lawrence v. Texas the Supreme Court overturned the Bowers decision and declared that such laws are in fact unconstitutional under due process and equal protection. Today the gay community still struggles to attain the same rights as heterosexual couples, but they get closer everyday.When the courts were first confronted with a prosecution for homosexual sodomy, it looked to whether the Constitution specifically protected the right to engage in that conduct rather than analyzing the issue in terms of the right to privacy in intimate sexual situations (Be ntele, 2010). The cases of Bowers v. Hardwick and Lawrence v. Texas, both were cases that were very similar in what they were trying to accomplish. It took the supreme court fifteen years to overrule a bad judgement when they ruled against Hardwick in 1986.Many people who are opposed to equal rights for homosexuals stem from moral and religious views. Which gives the courts basis to deem these bans and laws unconstitutional. Regulation of sexual liberty comes at the expense of repressing sex and sexuality as behaviors exercised only in private. Creating a legal privilege for sex in the private domain leads to greater stigmatization and regulation of non-normative sexuality or sexual preference that does not manifest in private (Stark, 2010). The decision in Lawrence v.Texas not only overturned the Bowers decision but it also prevents any other states with laws similar to those that were deemed unconstitutional. Gay Rights have come far since 1986 in that they have more attained thei r right to sexual privacy and in some states their right to get married. It will not be long until the California ban on same-sex marriage is lifted completely and other states will soon follow. It is ultimately up to the Courts to interpret the constitution and they will make less than perfect decisions, but sometimes hey make perfect decisions that remand their previous mistakes.REFERENCES Conway, G. (2003). Inevitable Reconstructions† Voice and Ideology in Two Landmark U. S. Supreme Court Opinions. Rhetoric ; Public Affairs, 6(3), 487-507. doi:10. 1353/rap. 2003. 0058 Garlinger, P. (2004). In All But Name: Marriage and the Meaning of Homosexuality. Discourse, 26. 3, 41-72 doi: 10. 1353/dis. 2005. 0027 Bowers v. Hardwick. (2010, August 18). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved August 30, 2010, from http://en. wikipedia. rg/w/index. php? title=Bowers_v. _Hardwick;oldid=379495984 Lawrence v. Texas (2003) Retrieved August 30, 2010 from http://law. cornell. edu/supct/h tml/02-102. zs. html Stark, E. L. (2010, Summer). GET A ROOM: SEXUAL DEVICE STATUTES AND THE LEGAL CLOSETING OF SEXUAL IDENTITY. George Mason University Civil Rights Law Journal. Retrieved from http://campus. westlaw. com Dolan, M. , ; Williams, C. J. (2010, August 4). Judge strikes down Prop. 8, allows gay marriage in California. LA Times, pp. 1-2. Retrieved from http://articles. atimes. com/2010/aug/04/local/ Bowers v. Hardwick. (n. d. ). Bowers v. Hardwick. Retrieved August 30, 2010, from Google Scholar website: http://scholar. google. com/scholar_case/bowersvhardwick Bentele, U. (2010, Summer). THE NOT SO GREAT WRIT: TRAPPED IN THE NARROW HOLDINGS OF SUPREME COURT PRECEDENTS . Lewis ; Clark Law Review. Retrieved from http://westlaw. edu Garvey, T. (2010, Summer). God vs. Gays? The Right of Sexual Minorities in International Law. Denver Journal of International Law. Retrieved from http://westlaw. edu

It Takes a Village to Raise a Child Essays

It Takes a Village to Raise a Child Essays It Takes a Village to Raise a Child Paper It Takes a Village to Raise a Child Paper It takes a village to raise a child is a popular proverb with a clear message: the whole community has an essential role to play in the growth and development of its young people. In addition to the vital role that parents and family members play in a child’s education, the broader community too has a responsibility to assure high-quality education for all students. In the past, parent involvement was characterized by volunteers, mostly mothers, assisting in the classroom, chaperoning students, and fundraising. Today, the old model has been replaced with a much more inclusive approach: school-family-community partnerships now include mothers and fathers, stepparents, grandparents, fosterparents, other relatives and caregivers, business leaders and community groups–all participating in goal-oriented activities, at all grade levels, linked to student achievement and school success. The research is clear, consistent, and convincing. Parent, family, and community involvement in education correlates with higher academic performance and school improvement. When schools, parents, families, and communities work together to support learning, students tend to earn higher grades, attend school more regularly, stay in school longer, and enroll in higher level programs. Researchers cite parent-family community involvement as a key to addressing the school dropout crisis1 and note that strong school-family-community partnerships foster higher educational aspirations and It takes a village to raise a child is a popular proverb with a clear message: the whole community has an essential role to play in the growth and development of its young people. In addition to the vital role that parents and family members play in a child’s education, the broader community too has a responsibility to assure high-quality education for all students. In the past, parent involvement was characterized by volunteers, mostly mothers, assisting in the classroom, chaperoning students, and fundraising. Today, the old model has been replaced with a much more inclusive approach: school-family-community partnerships now include mothers and fathers, stepparents, grandparents, fosterparents, other relatives and caregivers, business leaders and community groups–all participating in goal-oriented activities, at all grade levels, linked to student achievement and school success. The research is clear, consistent, and convincing. Parent, family, and community involvement in education correlates with higher academic performance and school improvement. When schools, parents, families, and communities work together to support learning, students tend to earn higher grades, attend school more regularly, stay in school longer, and enroll in higher level programs. Researchers cite parent-family community involvement as a key to addressing the school dropout crisis1 and note that strong school-family-community partnerships foster higher educational aspirations and motivated students.

Robber Barons essays

Robber Barons essays During the nineteenth century there were many people who contributed to Americas growth. Most of these people were either considered robber barons or captains of industry. The captains of industry generally contributed to the country in honest, hard-working ways. The robber barons, however, schemed against the country, sometimes causing monopolies in order to achieve their great wealth. Examples of these are Jay Gould, George Pullman, and J.P. Morgan. The wealthy industrialists of the late nineteenth century were robber barons. Jay Gould was one of the most successful robber barons in the U.S. He was born on May 27, 1836 in Roxbury, New York. He mostly grew up very poor and had little education. In 1860 he began speculating in railroad stocks and soon became the director of the Erie Railroad. He began to sell public shares in the railroad for a greater value than they were worth, squandering millions of dollars from the U.S. people. Gould and James Frisk, an associate of his, were involved in a scheme in gold speculating that led to Black Friday, when a financial panic was caused in a abrupt drop in the price of gold. J.P. Morgan was born on April 17, 1837 in Hartford, Connecticut. At the age of 34 he became a partner in the New York City firm Drexel, later being named J.P. Morgan and Company. It grew to be one of the worlds most powerful houses. In 1895 he organized a committee to help the US Treasury which was on the verge of bankruptcy. Morgan formed the Federal Steele Company in 1898 and in 1901 he merged the company with others and formed the United States Steele Corporation, A federal committee investigated J.P. in 1912, believing he was involved in unfair monopolies. George Pullman can be either considered a captain of industry or a robber baron. Born in 1831 in Brocton, New York, he first invented the sleeping car for railroads which made traveling much more convienen...

Buddhism vs. Christianity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Buddhism vs. Christianity - Essay Example The life of Buddha, the founder of Buddhism started as Siddhartha, the boy who was born in the abundance of life. His father denied him the opportunities of confronting with the real trials and tribulations of life. But Buddha happened to witness certain sights, later referred as the Four Sights of Buddha, which made him realize the realities of life and it ultimately paved the way for Buddhism. It was at the request of his son Siddhartha, the king allowed him to visit the beautiful park outside the palace. Though the father was precautious enough to wrap all the unpleasant sights from his son, some of them caught the sight of him. The sight of Old Age was the first one and it really haunted Siddhartha as it was his debut experience. The haggard state of an old man roused a number of questions in his mind and it provided him a hint about the hard realities of life. His realization that no one can prevent from being old has exerted significant influence in his later teachings. It is the second visit that enables him to encounter with the fearful state of sickness, like the sight of old age torments his mentally. Afterwards, the sights of death and renunciation, the third and fourth respectively, also have the same effect on Siddhartha. This leads him to realize that there are two ways to solve the problems of life—one is to lead a pleasant life by totally ignoring all the problems of life and the other way is realizing that all these sufferings are the part of life and try to overcome these problems. Siddhartha selected the second as it was far better than the first and preached by giving up his luxurious life in the palace. The birth of Jesus was just different from that of Buddha who took birth as a man 2000 years ago in the town of Bethlehem in the land of Israel. One of the notable similarities between the lives of Buddha and Jesus is that both lived a life of simplicity and showed others the real value of it. But a

Equity and Common Law Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Equity and Common Law Master - Essay Example When the common law developed the strictures of the writ system through the twelfth and thirteen centuries and failed to develop further remedies. By thirteen century aggrieved litigants to petition to the chancellor to find a more just solution to their problem. Chancellor was trying to give relief in hard cases, and the medieval chancellor was peculiarly well fitted for this work. Chancellor was usually an ecclesiastic. If the petition was successful, the chancellor's conclusion would usually be different from that which the common law court would have reached; otherwise the matter would have been litigant at common law. As a consequence of growth of these petitions, the Court of Chancery had developed, where the decisions were made on the basis of fairness and reason. Thus the notion of 'equity' was established as a precise jurisdiction. The common law tradition grew in to the ELS3 through a long process of rationalization of traditions, customs and local practices among other different elements most occurring in the medieval time. The Anglo-Saxon customs were there before the Norman Conquest, but afterwards were joined with Royal Justice in a consolidation of 'local laws' and a vast body of judicial decisions have been built up which forms much of the present law. The common law has developed by the judges during the centuries immediately after the Norman Conquest. Customs have long influence since ceased to be any major significance in forming new laws. Slapper, G. and D. Kelly (2006) said that the common law system develops whereby a civil dispute had to be brought before the appropriate Royal Court by a writ. A claimant could only sue at common law if his complaint came within the scope of an existing writ. In the thirteen century available writs covered very narrow ground. Even if the claim came within the scope of an existing writ, it may have been that for some reason, such as the power and influence of the defendant, his opponent could not get justice before a common law court. Latter the petition was used to obtain relief in cases where the common law was inflexible and incapable of providing a remedy. Hanbury & Martin (2005) argued that the common law developed into a comprehensive system, but a litigant could only sue at common law if his complaint came within the scope of an existing writ. However, the systems quickly become rigid because judges, fearing a flood at actions as a result of the popularity of the royal justice , stopped issuing new forms of action. As a result, this attitude proved to be a majored obstacle to the development of new rules and principles. Initially this overlapping of the two systems led to conflict. The common law courts would make an order in favour of one party and the Court of Chancery would make an order in favour of other party. This conflict was finally resolved in the Earl of Oxford's case4 when the King ruled that equity should prevail. In this case the court of common law ordered the payment of a debt. The debt had already been paid, but the deed giving rise to the obligation had not been cancelled. The court of equity was prepared to grant an order prevent in this and rectifying the deed. Some limited steps were taken

Role of the Media in American Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Role of the Media in American Politics - Essay Example The media plays a pivotal role in America’s political system. Since the creation of the constitution, the media has exercised freedoms of speech and rights of association extensively. This practice lured domestic and foreign interests because of the immense influence it held on the people. Industrialists and corporate heads made use of early modes of communication to advertise their products and services. This trend continued for two centuries as technologies used by the media spread and became easier for the people to own and equally easy for media heads to control. The democratic aspect of the media began changing radically during the twentieth century as the role of the media during both World Wars and the Cold War revealed its almost omnipotent characteristic. Today, political figures can openly alter the content a media house broadcasts in their own favor. Likewise for corporations that own the same media houses. This trend has led scholars and investigative researchers t o question the democratic nature of the media in United States’ political system. The following paper explores and critically analyzes these academics’ works to provide a deeper insight into the democratic deficit or anti-democratic nature of the media in modern American politics. Since 2000, transnational media groups have surfaced and developed together with other global corporations. While there have been media houses essentially prior to the 1990s, a worldwide commercial media market surfaced during the early 2000s (Engesser 274).

Privacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Privacy - Essay Example This boundary erected by the individual is different for different persons concerned and can be altered depending upon the circumstance and the relationship with other party. An individual is at complete liberty to voluntarily sacrifice his personal privacy. This sacrifice is often associated with benefits in exchange. People who exercise steps to preserve their privacy expect other to respect it. That is why an individual’s right to be not subject to unauthorized privacy raid by anyone is part of numerous countries privacy law. In today’s world, an individual’s privacy is not completely in his own hands. This protection of privacy is also dependent upon the other people with whom the individual has shared his personal information. Any breach of confidence can easily result in loss of privacy i.e. access or knowledge of your personal information to an unauthorized person. Increasing use of technology in workplace has brought with it various benefits ranging from lower operating cost to increased efficiency. However, these benefits are not without side effects because rapidly increasing technology use has become a point of concern for employer and employee both. At a workplace, employers have access to personal information of the employees. How much access an employer has and how is a question of debate. Employers believe that it is necessary to collect this information through monitoring the employee’s activities to avoid liability and discourage illegitimate activities. Employers believe that their act of surveillance and monitoring of employing activities in the office is their right as it leads to reliable performance evaluation of employees, helps in guarding trade secrets etc. Employers have various methods for monitoring employees in the office. These method ranges from recording office telephone, video equipments and having technological admittance to

The business problems occurring with the legalization of marijuana in Essay

The business problems occurring with the legalization of marijuana in the US - Essay Example However, businesses entering the recreational market are having trouble since marijuana is still illegal on a Federal State. This paper expounds on issues that businesses are having when entering the recreational marijuana business. In 1970, a law was passed by the US Congress to group marijuana under Schedule I drug jointly with other drugs such as heroin and cocaine (Stinson, 2015). Notwithstanding, Stinson (2005) notes that a total of 23 States in the US as well as the District of Columbia have gone ahead to legalize its use. The divergence of State laws and Federal laws have had significant effects on businesses entering the marijuana market. According to an article by Stinson (2015) published in the PEW Charitable Trusts website, banks have been reluctant to associate themselves with clients engaging in marijuana businesses. Banks play an important role in any business. Banks, according to Babb (2009) are the source of funds for businesses in form of loans. Marijuana business is not less important in this perspective. The fact that banks are declining to engage in business with people dealing with marijuana denies them access to funds. Lack of funds translates to inability to expand the business and also i nability to access products associated with the business on credit. Other than banks, individuals can access loans or funds from family members and friends. Under both the Federal and State laws, an individual cannot finance or invest in marijuana business if he or she is from another State particularly in States where possession of marijuana is illegal. This further curtails the ability of businesses entering the marijuana business from acquiring prerequisite funds. As an illustration, Wolf (n.d, p. 5) asserts that "Private lending is difficult in Washington by virtue of the Washington State Liquor Boards requirement that all financiers be Washington residents". Economic problems in the modern world have made it difficult

Role of Environment in Learning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Role of Environment in Learning - Research Paper Example Accommodation is the process by which children learn things through the process of failure. It changes the mental representation of the things through new experiences. On the other hand, assimilation is the process through which children get to absorb new things and experiences into their already present framework. Environment is one factor that cannot be ignored in any way as through the presence of the environment, people gain newer experiences and they also learn things that they were never aware of. Learning styles are different from culture to culture and from country to country. It has been seen that people from some country are very good in numbers or very quick to comprehend things that they are not aware of, while some people have very good oratory skills and are very fluent in languages and can even learn them easily. Learning methods that are used in Asia and Africa are very strict and controlled as children are not allow questioning the teacher or their teacher’s v iews. While in European countries people tend to be freer in knowledge sharing and questioning teachers. This is in serious contrast with the methods that are used in Asian countries. The environments in US and other counter parts are all quite less controlled and thus children are freer in their decision making and questioning. The methods of learning are far more interactive in the European countries and the teacher and student are all quiet confident in interacting with each other. In Asian countries the process of learning is very less interactive and children tend to be more quiet and the teachers are the ones who only talk and share the knowledge. The children hardly interact with their mentors or teachers. The kinds of environment that people belong to also play a very crucial role. If the people belong to an environment where learning is preferred and newer knowledge encouraged then people from such environments are very willing to learn newer things and impart it as well. H owever, in environments where learning is not an encouraged process and where learned people are treated as aliens or as people who should be avoided, then people are less receptive of such knowledge. It’s a common understanding that children who come from developed countries are more willing to learn newer things and adopt them while children coming from less developed countries are shy and not keen in learning new things as they might be in clash with their own traditions and culture. A major factor that affects learning is the facilitation that is present in the environment. If the environment is helpful and promotes learning then people tend to learn quickly. The other factors that are present in the environment are distractions that affect the learning process of the people. The most disastrous distraction that can be there in a child’s life and that can affect the learning process is that of family life. If a child grows in a negative environment then he will be very distracted and will never be able to learn properly. On the contrary, if he grows up in a family that has a positive environment then the child will be able to grasp things easily and will also be able to apply them positively in his life.

Privacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Privacy - Essay Example This boundary erected by the individual is different for different persons concerned and can be altered depending upon the circumstance and the relationship with other party. An individual is at complete liberty to voluntarily sacrifice his personal privacy. This sacrifice is often associated with benefits in exchange. People who exercise steps to preserve their privacy expect other to respect it. That is why an individual’s right to be not subject to unauthorized privacy raid by anyone is part of numerous countries privacy law. In today’s world, an individual’s privacy is not completely in his own hands. This protection of privacy is also dependent upon the other people with whom the individual has shared his personal information. Any breach of confidence can easily result in loss of privacy i.e. access or knowledge of your personal information to an unauthorized person. Increasing use of technology in workplace has brought with it various benefits ranging from lower operating cost to increased efficiency. However, these benefits are not without side effects because rapidly increasing technology use has become a point of concern for employer and employee both. At a workplace, employers have access to personal information of the employees. How much access an employer has and how is a question of debate. Employers believe that it is necessary to collect this information through monitoring the employee’s activities to avoid liability and discourage illegitimate activities. Employers believe that their act of surveillance and monitoring of employing activities in the office is their right as it leads to reliable performance evaluation of employees, helps in guarding trade secrets etc. Employers have various methods for monitoring employees in the office. These method ranges from recording office telephone, video equipments and having technological admittance to

Role of Environment in Learning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Role of Environment in Learning - Research Paper Example Accommodation is the process by which children learn things through the process of failure. It changes the mental representation of the things through new experiences. On the other hand, assimilation is the process through which children get to absorb new things and experiences into their already present framework. Environment is one factor that cannot be ignored in any way as through the presence of the environment, people gain newer experiences and they also learn things that they were never aware of. Learning styles are different from culture to culture and from country to country. It has been seen that people from some country are very good in numbers or very quick to comprehend things that they are not aware of, while some people have very good oratory skills and are very fluent in languages and can even learn them easily. Learning methods that are used in Asia and Africa are very strict and controlled as children are not allow questioning the teacher or their teacher’s v iews. While in European countries people tend to be freer in knowledge sharing and questioning teachers. This is in serious contrast with the methods that are used in Asian countries. The environments in US and other counter parts are all quite less controlled and thus children are freer in their decision making and questioning. The methods of learning are far more interactive in the European countries and the teacher and student are all quiet confident in interacting with each other. In Asian countries the process of learning is very less interactive and children tend to be more quiet and the teachers are the ones who only talk and share the knowledge. The children hardly interact with their mentors or teachers. The kinds of environment that people belong to also play a very crucial role. If the people belong to an environment where learning is preferred and newer knowledge encouraged then people from such environments are very willing to learn newer things and impart it as well. H owever, in environments where learning is not an encouraged process and where learned people are treated as aliens or as people who should be avoided, then people are less receptive of such knowledge. It’s a common understanding that children who come from developed countries are more willing to learn newer things and adopt them while children coming from less developed countries are shy and not keen in learning new things as they might be in clash with their own traditions and culture. A major factor that affects learning is the facilitation that is present in the environment. If the environment is helpful and promotes learning then people tend to learn quickly. The other factors that are present in the environment are distractions that affect the learning process of the people. The most disastrous distraction that can be there in a child’s life and that can affect the learning process is that of family life. If a child grows in a negative environment then he will be very distracted and will never be able to learn properly. On the contrary, if he grows up in a family that has a positive environment then the child will be able to grasp things easily and will also be able to apply them positively in his life.